What term refers to excessive internal pressure that can damage hydropneumatic tanks and pipes?

The term that refers to excessive internal pressure that can damage hydropneumatic tanks and pipes is water hammer. Water hammer occurs when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly, leading to a pressure surge. This rapid change in momentum causes a shock wave to travel through the water column, which can create high pressure spikes. These spikes can result in substantial stress on pipes and hydropneumatic tanks, potentially causing leaks, ruptures, or other failures.

In the context of drinking water systems, managing water hammer is crucial to prevent damage and maintain system integrity, especially in areas where high flow rates are encountered or where valves are closed quickly. Understanding this phenomenon helps operators implement measures such as slow-closing valves, air chambers, or pressure relief valves to mitigate the effects and protect the infrastructure.